Ҳуқуқий тадқиқотлар /Правовые исследования/ Journal of Law Research Ҷилди 11 № 3 (2026)
LEGAL QUALIFICATION OF ONLINE MARKETPLACE OPERATORS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DOCTRINAL MODELS
Саидова Нигорахон Акмал кизи
Аннотатсия
The article examines the principal scholarly approaches to defining the legal status of online marketplace operators. Legal doctrine generally distinguishes three key models of qualification: the intermediary model, the operator model, and the hybrid (sui generis) model. The intermediary approach conceptualizes the platform as a technical tool that does not participate in the substance of the contractual relationship. The operator model links liability to the actual degree of control exercised by the platform over the terms and performance of transactions. The hybrid model emphasizes the organizing and regulatory role of the marketplace as an autonomous subject of digital legal relations. A comparative analysis of foreign and Uzbek scholarship demonstrates that the traditional dichotomy between “intermediary” and “seller” fails to adequately reflect the complex legal reality of modern marketplaces. The article substantiates the need for a functional approach that takes into account the degree of platform control and the allocation of risks within digital transactions.
электронная коммерция; маркетплейсы; информационный посредник; оператор электронной платформы; цифровые правоотношения; ответственность платформ; гибридная модель; безопасная гавань; судебная практика ЕСelektron tijorat; onlayn savdo platformalari; axborot vositachisi; platforma operatori; raqamli huquqiy munosabatlar; platforma javobgarligi; gibrid model; xavfsiz port; Yevropa Ittifoqi sud amaliyoti.e-commerce; online marketplaces; information intermediary; platform operator; digital legal relations; platform liability; hybrid model; safe harbour; EU case law
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