Ҳуқуқий тадқиқотлар /Правовые исследования/ Journal of Law Research 11-jild 7-son (2026)
THE CRIMINAL-LAW NATURE OF CYBERSTALKING AS AN OFFENCE AGAINST PRIVACY: GAPS IN NATIONAL LEGISLATION AND A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
Бозоров Жасурбек Сайдулла угли
Annotatsiya
The article examines the criminal-law nature of cyberstalking committed by means of information and communication technologies, its objective and subjective elements, and the criteria distinguishing it from other offences against privacy. The study follows the IMRAD structure and applies formal-dogmatic, comparative-legal and systemic-structural methods. It summarises international standards (Article 34 of the Istanbul Convention, EU Directive 2024/1385) and the legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights in Volodina and Buturugă. The legislation of France, Italy, Kazakhstan and Russia is compared, with particular attention to Article 1151 of the Criminal Code of Kazakhstan (“Stalking”), introduced in 2025. The analysis identifies gaps in the legislation of Uzbekistan: the absence of a separate liability norm for stalking; the definition of stalking in the Law on Protection of Women from Harassment and Violence as conduct for which no liability is prescribed; the failure of the protection order to cover digital space; and the lack of a procedural methodology of proof. The article concludes with substantiated proposals to supplement the Criminal Code with Article 1414 and the Code of Administrative Responsibility with Article 463, to introduce digital prohibitions into the protection order, and to establish a uniform procedure for securing digital evidence.
киберпреследование, cyberstalking, сталкинг, неприкосновенность частной жизни, цифровое насилие, административная преюдиция, охранный ордер, цифровые запреты, доксинг, stalkerware, сравнительно-правовой анализ, цифровые доказательстваkiber-ta’qib, cyberstalking, ta’qib etish, shaxsiy hayot daxlsizligi, raqamli zo‘ravonlik, ma’muriy preyuditsiya, himoya orderi, raqamli taqiqlar, doxxing, stalkerware, qiyosiy-huquqiy tahlil, raqamli dalillarcyberstalking, stalking, privacy, digital violence, administrative prejudice, protection order, digital restraining measures, doxxing, stalkerware, comparative legal analysis, digital evidence.
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